Advanced skull, anatomical model in 3 parts

Anatomically speaking, the educational and detailed insight into the blood vessels and nerves of the lower jaw must be emphasised. The insight provides the opportunity to study anatomical details such as the inferior dental plexus and a. and v. mentalis (see the pictures on the left).



Generally speaking, the human skull can be divided into 2 parts, and the skull model therefore shows the following:



1) The braincase (neurocranium), which is intended to enclose the brain and the hearing-equilibrium organ



2) The facial skeleton (viscerocranium) which surrounds the nasal cavity and forms the tooth-bearing framework around the oral cavity. The 32 teeth are also included



The braincase consists of 8 bones. There are 4 unpaired (the frontal, sphenoid, sphenoid and occipital bones) and 2 paired (the occipital and temporal bones). All these bones as well as sutures can be identified on the skull model.



The facial skeleton includes 6 paired bones (the maxilla, palatine, cheekbone, nasal bone, lacrimal bone, and lower conchbone) and 3 unpaired bones called the mandible, the ploughshare, and the zygomatic bone (some do not count the zygomatic bone as part of the facial skeleton). All these bones and sutures can also be identified on the skull model. NB: The hyoid bone is also included in the facial skeleton but cannot be seen on this skull model.



The human skull contains many holes and channels containing vessels and nerves. Overall, there are connections between the braincase and the neck, to and from the eye socket, to and from the pterygo-palatine fossa and to and from the nasal cavity.



This skull model shows many of the most important holes and canals, but not all. Furthermore, the level of detail on the bones is good. As for "osseous landmarks" such as the processus styloideus, many of the most important are seen, while some minor participants are omitted.



As for skeletal muscles, red and blue color markings are seen on the skull model. These colors symbolize/show respectively origin and attachment. There are color markings for facial muscles, masticatory muscles, palate muscles, tongue muscles as well as some deep neck muscles and some back muscles.



Furthermore, the sutures are colored in an orange color, while on the inside of the brain case, respectively, red and blue lines/strokes, which should symbolize/show the "meningeal arteries and veins" as well as the venous sinuses.